The USB stack will detect the condition and broadcast a notification to all clients, I think it will also attempt to 
toggle power to the port and those are the only actions taken. To get such notifications you need to register an event 
callback along with your insertion and removal callbacks, please see the documentation for usbd_connect() for details.

The event types you can watch for are defined in sys/usbdi.h, in your case you likely want IOUSB_EVENT_BUS_OVERCURRENT.